Germany

In Germany, employers face various tax obligations related to their employees' salaries and benefits, including income tax, social security contributions, and other levies.

Income Tax

• Withholding: Employers are responsible for withholding income tax from employees' gross salaries.
• Rates: Income tax rates are progressive, ranging from 14% to 45% in 2025, depending on the employee's income level. A solidarity surcharge of 5.5% is added to the income tax.
• Tax Classes: Germany uses a tax class system (I-VI) to determine the amount of tax withheld, based on marital status, children, and number of jobs.
• Tax-Free Allowance: A basic tax-free allowance exists, which was €11,604 in 2024. The 2025 amount has yet to be officially published.
• Reporting and Payment: Withheld income tax must be reported and paid to the tax authorities monthly, quarterly (for smaller amounts), or annually (for even smaller amounts). Monthly wage tax returns are due by the 10th of the following month.

Social Security Contributions

• Joint Contributions: Both employers and employees contribute to the social security system.
• Contribution Types: Contributions cover health insurance, long-term care insurance, pension insurance, and unemployment insurance.
• Contribution Rates for 2025:
  • Health Insurance: 14.6% (general rate), 14.0% (reduced rate), plus an average additional contribution of 2.5%.
  • Long-Term Care Insurance: 3.6%.
  • Pension Insurance: 18.6%.
  • Unemployment Insurance: 2.6%.
• Contribution Assessment Ceilings for 2025:
  • Health and Long-Term Care Insurance: €66,150 annually (€5,512.50 monthly).
  • Unemployment and Pension Insurance: €96,600 annually (€8,050 monthly).
• Reporting and Payment: Employers withhold employee contributions and pay both employer and employee portions to the relevant authorities. The legal district indicator is no longer required on social security reports from January 1, 2025.

Other Taxes and Levies

• Church Tax: Levied in most states at 9% of the income tax, and 8% in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, for those who have declared religious affiliation.
• Solidarity Surcharge: 5.5% of the income tax.
• Corporate Income Tax: A flat rate of 15%, plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5%, is levied on company profits. Monthly advance payments are due, calculated based either on a fixed percentage of turnover or the previous year's tax assessment. Annual corporate tax returns are generally due by July 31st of the following year, with extensions available if filed by a tax advisor.

Other Employer Obligations

• Lohnsteuerbescheinigung: Employers must provide employees with an annual income statement (Lohnsteuerbescheinigung) by February 28th of the following year.
• Electronic Reporting: Wage tax and social security contributions are typically reported electronically.
• Minimum Wage and Mini-Job Thresholds (2025): The statutory minimum wage is €12.82 per hour. The mini-job earnings threshold is €556 per month.
• Non-cash benefits: Certain non-cash benefits provided to employees are considered taxable income and need to be appropriately reported and taxed. Updated values for these benefits, such as meals, are published annually.

It is important to note that this information is current as of February 5, 2025, and may be subject to change. Consulting with a tax advisor is highly recommended for specific situations and up-to-date guidance.

In Germany, employee tax deductions encompass various areas, including income tax, social security contributions, and other withholdings like church tax and the solidarity surcharge.

Income Tax (Lohnsteuer)

Income tax is a progressive tax, meaning higher earners pay a higher percentage. The tax rate is determined by your tax class (Steuerklasse), which depends on your marital status and other factors. There are six tax classes:

• Class I: Single individuals
• Class II: Single parents
• Class III: Married individuals where one spouse earns significantly more
• Class IV: Married individuals with roughly equal incomes
• Class V: Married individuals where one spouse earns significantly less (often combined with Class III)
• Class VI: For individuals with multiple employments

Social Security Contributions

Social security contributions cover areas like healthcare, pension, unemployment insurance, and long-term care insurance. These contributions are typically split equally between the employee and employer.

• Health Insurance: The contribution rate is generally around 7.3% of gross salary, up to an income ceiling.
• Pension Insurance: Around 9.3% of gross salary, also up to a ceiling.
• Unemployment Insurance: Roughly 1.2% of gross salary, up to a ceiling.
• Long-term Care Insurance: Approximately 1.7-2.05% of gross salary (depending on factors like children), up to a ceiling.

Other Deductions

• Church Tax (Kirchensteuer): Around 8-9% of the income tax, if you are a registered member of a tax-collecting religious community.
• Solidarity Surcharge (Solidaritätszuschlag): 5.5% of the income tax, for higher earners above a certain threshold (mostly phased out since 2021 but may apply in specific scenarios).

Deductions and Allowances

Several deductions and allowances can reduce your taxable income:

• Work-Related Expenses (Werbungskosten): This includes costs like commuting, work supplies, and continuing education. A flat rate of €1,230 is automatically applied, but higher expenses can be claimed with documentation. Starting from the assessment period 2023, employees working from home can deduct €6 per day up to a maximum of €1,260 annually, capped at 210 days.
• Special Expenses (Sonderausgaben): This category includes expenses like charitable donations (up to 20% of adjusted gross income), church tax, childcare costs (up to €4,800 per child under 14 as of 2025), and certain education expenses.
• Alimony Payments: Deductible up to €13,805.

Tax Return (Steuererklärung)

While employers typically deduct taxes directly from salaries, filing an annual tax return is often beneficial to claim additional deductions and potentially receive a refund. The deadline for filing is usually July 31st of the following year, but extensions can be granted.

Example

Let's say an individual earns €60,000 annually and is single (Tax Class I). Their deductions might look something like this (estimated figures for illustration):

• Gross Salary: €60,000
• Income Tax: Approx. €15,000 (depending on allowances and deductions)
• Social Security: Approx. €12,000 (total employee contribution)
• Church Tax: (if applicable) Approx. €1,350 (9% of income tax)
• Net Salary: Approx. €31,650 (after deductions)

Please note: These calculations are simplified estimations. Actual tax obligations vary widely based on individual circumstances. Consult a tax advisor for personalized guidance. This information is current as of today, February 5, 2025, and may be subject to change due to future legislation.

German VAT regulations require businesses conducting taxable activities in Germany to register with the German tax office (Finanzamt) and obtain a VAT identification number (Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer or Umsatzsteuer-ID or USt-IdNr.).

VAT Rates

• Standard Rate: 19% (Applies to most goods and services)
• Reduced Rate: 7% (Applies to essential goods and services like food, books, public transport, and certain cultural services)

VAT Registration Thresholds

• Domestic Businesses: No registration threshold. Businesses can benefit from the small business exemption if their turnover in the previous year did not exceed €25,000 and is not expected to exceed €100,000 in the current year.
• Non-Established Sellers (Distance Sales): No threshold, but registration is required if selling goods within the EU and exceeding €10,000.
• Electronically Supplied Services (ESS) by Non-EU Businesses to German Consumers: No threshold.

VAT Filing and Payment

• Frequency:
  • Monthly: If the payable VAT from the previous year exceeds €7,500. New businesses file monthly for the first two years.
  • Quarterly: If the payable VAT in the previous year was between €1,000 and €7,500.
  • Annually: If the payable VAT in the previous year was less than €1,000.
• Deadline: Generally, the 10th day of the month following the reporting period. A one-month extension is possible with an advance payment.
• Annual Return Deadline: July 31st of the following year or February 28th/29th of the second following year if filed by a tax advisor.

Exempt Goods and Services

Certain goods and services are exempt from VAT, including:

• Healthcare services
• Education services
• Financial services.

Electronic Invoicing (e-Invoicing)

From January 1, 2025, all German resident businesses must be able to receive electronic invoices. Issuing e-invoices became mandatory on January 1, 2025 but businesses have the option to issue a paper invoice by the end of 2026.

VAT Identification Number Format

The German VAT number consists of eleven digits and begins with 'DE'.

Additional information

Zero-rated supplies do not exist under German VAT law. Zero-rating allows for input VAT recovery while exemption does not. Germany does not offer zero-rated supplies. Germany uses the One-Stop-Shop (OSS) system. Businesses registered for OSS can declare VAT on certain cross-border sales of goods and services to EU consumers in a single VAT return. Input VAT deduction is generally allowed for the VAT paid on business-related expenses. Intra-Community supplies of goods are generally zero-rated but certain conditions must be met.. Exports of goods outside the EU are generally zero-rated*.

Please note that this information is current as of February 5, 2025, and may be subject to change. It is essential to consult official sources and tax advisors for up-to-date and personalized guidance.

Germany offers various tax incentives aimed at stimulating economic growth and promoting specific activities like research and development.

Personal Income Tax Relief

• Basic Personal Allowance: Increased to €12,084 in 2025 and €12,336 in 2026. This is the amount of income exempt from income tax.
• Child Tax Allowance: Increased to €9,600 in 2025 and €9,756 in 2026.
• Solidarity Tax: Exemption limits raised in 2025 and 2026.
• Inflation Adjustment: Income tax rate is further adjusted to account for inflation, except for the highest tax bracket.

Business Incentives

• Investment Bonus: A potential tax credit of 10% of the investment sum for businesses investing in German industry, proposed to attract both domestic and foreign investment.
• Research and Development (R&D): Companies conducting R&D in Germany are eligible for a tax credit of up to €2.5 million annually. The credit covers 25% of eligible salary costs (35% for SMEs), capped at €10 million. A certification process is required to determine eligibility.
• Net-Zero Transition Grants: Incentives are available until the end of 2025 for businesses involved in the production of equipment related to the transition to a net-zero economy. Eligible sectors include batteries, photovoltaic modules, heat pumps, electrolyzers, and carbon capture equipment.
• Photovoltaic Systems: Starting January 1, 2025, photovoltaic systems primarily used for self-consumption (at least 80%) may qualify as tax-privileged special-purpose businesses.
• Depreciation of Movable Assets: For assets acquired or produced between 2025 and 2028, depreciation can be up to two and a half times the standard straight-line depreciation rate, with a maximum of 25%.
• Electric Company Cars: The tax base for electric company cars provided for private use is halved. The taxable amount is calculated as 0.5% of the gross list price per month.

Changes in Tax Procedures

• One-Fifth Method for Payroll Tax: From 2025, the one-fifth method for payroll tax deductions will no longer apply. Employees must apply for this method with their tax returns.
• MiKaDiv Reporting: Starting January 1, 2025, a new notification procedure for capital income tax on dividends (MiKaDiv) requires extensive data reporting to the Federal Central Tax Office.

As of today, February 5, 2025, this overview reflects the available information, which is subject to change due to ongoing legislative processes and specific program guidelines. It is always advisable to consult with tax professionals for the latest details and personalized advice.